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6G will perceive your environment Before looking into the future, it is worth looking back. The previous shift to 4G has witnessed a substantial increase in speed. Now, 5G provides better connectivity and extremely fast speeds for many terminal devices. Although 6G will undoubtedly bring higher speeds, a key to 6G is to use these radios to sense the surrounding environment and transmit information. 5G already has preliminary applications in this area. For example, cellular radio signals can be positioned like GPS. In the 6G era, your mobile phone will be able to recognize the terminal devices around you and act as a bridge between the physical world and the digital world. Those beautiful augmented reality demonstrations can be achieved through 6G: when you look at the restaurant, a digital menu will pop up on the glasses screen. Apple has enabled people to use AirTags to track objects through Bluetooth in many of its devices. But TingfangJi said that the 6G experience will be more like radar, allowing more interaction between devices. “You can actually perceive the environment, so it should be stronger!” For 6G, the mobile communication industry is seeking to expand the use of new frequency bands. The dry megahertz-level frequencies currently used by mobile communication network operators can provide users with a large rate, but the network coverage is limited. TingfangJi introduced that they are studying the terahertz spectrum; The next-generation technology can also solve the dilemma that dry megahertz spectrum is now facing-in the case of the best of both worlds, it may provide higher capacity and wider coverage at the same time. “We are going to introduce some basic technologies to overcome this problem. This is what we are doing, which is very exciting.” What is 5G-Advanced? The industry’s research and development of 6G (mainly referring to the vision) has just begun. Now, it is just a collection of ideas and goals. More specific is the prospect of 5G-Advanced, which is an upgraded version of 5G that may appear in the next two and a half years. Although no one knows exactly what it will consist of, researchers at 3GPP (the Telecommunication Standardization Organization established in December 1998) discussed what improvements the industry should focus on. “5G-Advanced provides us with a second opportunity to examine the basic trade-offs within 5G.” TingfangJi said. He added that researchers are working on 50 areas for 5G-Advanced, but may be further narrowed to around 20. Qualcomm has proposed to integrate machine learning into 5G systems and make the network better handle IoT devices. Qualcomm also proposed the use of full-duplex radio — in which both parties can communicate with each other at the same time.

In the initial stage of 5G deployment, in order to save costs and quickly develop services, most operators choose the non-independent networking (NSA) mode. Due to the cost and maturity of the 5G core network, 5G base stations in the NSA mode preferentially access the 4G core network (EPC). Therefore, the Option 3 series (Option 3x) is the first choice for introducing eMBB services in the early stage of 5G. In the architecture diagram of Option 3x in the above figure, the red line represents the control plane (C-Plane), which is used to transmit control signaling. It has the following characteristics: There is a control plane link called S1-MME between the 4G base station and the core network; The 5G base station does not have a control plane link directly to the core network; There is a control plane link called X2-C between the 4G base station and the 5G base station; The 4G base station is connected to the 4G core network as a control plane anchor point and assumes all control plane functions, so it is also called a “master node.” The 5G base station does not undertake the control plane function, and its interaction with the control plane of the core network is completely dependent on 4G, so it is called a “secondary node.” The green line in the figure represents the user plane (U-Plane), which is used to transmit user data. It has the following characteristics: There is a user plane link called X2-U between the 4G base station and the 5G base station; Both 4G base stations and 5G base stations have S1-U user plane links to the core network. In summary, the option 3 series architecture is a dual connection with 4G as the primary node and 5G as the secondary node, so it is also called EN-DC (EUTRA-NR Dual Connection). In such a dual-connection architecture, mobile phones have two paths to reach the core network via 4G or 5G base stations. So, which path should the data take? There are 3 choices: Downlink data starts from the PDCP layer and is sent to the RLC/MAC/PHY layers of 4G and 5G for independent processing. Finally, the mobile phone receives both 4G and 5G data at the same time. The same applies to the uplink, but in the opposite direction. Two channels of data are sent from the mobile phone to the 4G and 5G base stations, and then processed by their respective PHY/MAC/RLC layers, and finally merged at the PDCP layer. As shown in the figure above, for MCG bearers, regardless of whether the PDCP layer is 4G (E-UTRA) or 5G (NR), it will be transferred to the RLC/MAC/PHY layer of the 4G base station for processing, which means that the MCG bearer is based on 4G; Correspondingly, for the SCG bearer, the entire PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY is processed by the 5G module, which means that the SCG bearer is based on 5G; Finally, for the split bearer, the data is split into two paths from the PDCP layer of 5G NR, and then to the RLC/MAC/PHY layer of 4G and 5G for processing.

HUAWEI MA5680T/MA5683T/MA5608T  OLT series (hereinafter referred to as OLT) products. The OLT product is positioned as an optical access device OLT, which supports GPON, 10G GPON, EPON, 10G EPON, and P2P access modes, and provides services such as Internet access, voice, and video. As a large, medium and small series of products, several products have a total of software platforms and business boards. Large size equipment MA5680T Medium specification equipment MA5683T Small specification equipment MA5608T Huawei MA5680T/MA5683T/MA5608T OLT OLT products work with various types of ONU equipment to meet FTTH (Fiber To The Home), FTTB (Fiber To The Building), FTTC (Fiber To The Curb), FTTM (Fiber To The Move), FTTO (Fiber To The Office) Network applications. As a large-capacity OLT the MA5680T supports GPON, 10G GPON, EPON, 10G EPON, and P2P access. At the same time, it can be used as an aggregation OLT to support aggregation and access to FTTB/FTTC/DSLAM, which not only simplifies the network level but also reduces the types and quantities of equipment, saving CO room space and energy consumption. As a medium-sized OLT the HUAWEI MA5683T supports GPON, 10G GPON, EPON, 10G EPON, and P2P access. It can drop the OLT location to the cell or the street, reducing ODN backbone fibre usage, reducing ODN deployment cost and difficulty, and reducing CO. The space in the computer room is occupied. As a Mini-OLT HUAWEI MA5608T supports GPON, 10G GPON, EPON, 10G EPON, and P2P access. It can drop the OLT location to the cell or the street. This reduces the occupation of the ODN trunk fibre, reduces the cost and difficulty of ODN deployment, and reduces CO. The space in the computer room is occupied.

On April 14, witnessed by President Xi Jinping and Brazilian President Lula, Minister of Industry and Information Technology Jin Zhuanglong met with Brazilian Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Luciana Santos and Minister of Communications Juscelino Filho respectively Signed the "Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of the Federative Republic of Brazil on Information and Communication Technology Cooperation" and "The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Communications of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the National Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Information and Communication Industry of Telecommunications Regulatory Authority.

1)By Optical connector: LC fiber patch cable; FC patch cable; SC fiber cable; ST patch cable; MU fiber patch cable; MTRJ patch cord; E2000 patch cable; MPO fiber cable. 2)By fiber optic cable types Single mode fiber optic cable: Generally in yellow color and useful for long transmission distance; Multimode fiber optic cable: Generally the multimode patch cable are orange or gray and therefore are used for short distance transmission. 3)By fiber optic cable Jacket PVC: Non-Flame Retardant; LSZH : Low smoke zero halogen, Flame Retardant Fiber optic connector type: LC, FC, SC, ST, MU, MTRJ, E2000,MPO Ferrule Interface type: PC, UPC, APC Fiber cores: Simplex, duplex, 4 fibers, 8 fibers etc. Fiber type: Single mode (G.652, G655), multimode(50/125)/(62.5/125) 100% Insertion Return Loss, End Face and Interference inspection Low insertion loss, high return loss Excellent mechanical endurance Insertion loss: <0.5 dB Operation temperature: -20?? to 85??C 10G OM3 OM4 fiber cable available According to the different modulus of the transmission point, optical fiber can be divided into single-mode fiber and multimode fiber. The so-called “mode” refers to a beam of light entering the optical fiber at a certain angular speed. Single-mode fiber uses solid-state laser as the light source, and multimode fiber uses light-emitting diode as the light source. Multimode fibers allow multiple beams of light to travel simultaneously in the fiber, resulting in mode dispersion (because each “mode” light enters the fiber at a different angle and they arrive at the other endpoint at a different time, a feature called mode dispersion). Therefore, the core of multimode fiber is thick, the transmission speed is low, the distance is short, and the overall transmission performance is poor, but its cost is relatively low, and it is generally used in buildings or geographically adjacent environments. Single-mode fiber can only allow a beam of light propagation, so single-mode fiber has no mode dispersion characteristics, therefore, the core of single-mode fiber is correspondingly thinner, transmission frequency bandwidth, large capacity, long transmission distance, but because it requires a laser source, the cost is higher. Multimode fiber The optical signal in multimode fiber propagates through multiple paths; It is generally recommended to apply when the distance is less than a mile. The effective distance from the transmitter to the receiver of multimode fiber is approximately 5 miles. The available follow-up is also affected by the type and quality of the transmit/receive device; The stronger the light source, the more sensitive the receiver and the farther the distance. Studies have shown that the bandwidth of multimode fiber is approximately 4000Mb/s。 Single-mode fiber is manufactured to eliminate pulse broadening. Due to the small core size (7-9 microns), light jumps are eliminated. Focused laser sources are used at 1310 and 1550nm wavelengths. These lasers shine directly ...

In the optical fiber communication system, the task of the optical receiver is to recover the information carried by the optical carrier after optical fiber transmission with minimal additional noise and distortion. Therefore, the output characteristics of the optical receiver comprehensively reflect the entire optical fiber communication system performance. After the optical signal transmitted by the optical transmitter is transmitted, not only the amplitude is attenuated, but the pulse waveform is also broadened. The function of the optical receiver is to detect the transmitted weak optical signal, and amplify, reshape, and regenerate the original transmission signal. An optical receiver, sometimes called a fiber optic receiver, is a component in a fiber optic network. The role of the receiver is to translate pulses of light that are sent through optical fibers into electrical signals. Once the information is converted into electricity, the information can be read by an electronic device, such as a computer, that is attached to the network. An optical receiver is an important component in a fiber optic network. In fiber optics, light is used to send information between electronic devices, such as two computers on a network. Cables, which are usually made of a highly reflective silica glass, are used to transmit pulses of light. The light bounces down the hollow tube of silica until it reaches the optical receiver at the other