AAS (Active Antenna System), an active antenna system, can be seen as a combination of RRU and antenna, which integrates an active radio frequency transceiver unit and a passive antenna array. In the past, the RRU and the antenna were separated, and the two were connected through a radio frequency feeder. After integrating the RF transceiver unit and antenna array, AAS can support Massive MIMO technology, which can reduce RF feeder loss, increase network coverage and capacity, and reduce sky space and maintenance workload. AF (Application Function), application function. AF is similar to an application server, which interacts with other 5G core network control plane NFs and provides business services. AF can exist for different application services, and can be owned by an operator or a trusted third party. AMF (Access and Mobility Management Function), access and mobility management function. AMF is responsible for functions such as UE identity verification, authentication, registration, mobility management, and connection management. Compared with 4G EPC, the function of AMF is similar to that of MME. AUSF (Authentication server function), the authentication server function, is responsible for authentication and authentication. Backhaul, backhaul, refers to the transmission network that connects the radio access network (RAN) and the mobile core network. Under the distributed RAN (D-RAN) architecture, backhaul connects the base station to the core network; under the centralized RAN (C-RAN) architecture, it connects the centrally deployed cloud BBU/DU pool to the core network. BBU (Baseband Unit) refers to the unit responsible for processing baseband signals in the base station system. Beamforming, beam forming. Radio waves are like waves. When they collide (interfere) with each other, they become stronger or weaker, depending on how they collide. Beamforming takes advantage of this feature. It transmits the same signal through multiple antenna units, and adjusts the phase and amplitude of each antenna unit, so that radio waves are enhanced in a specific direction, and they cancel each other out and weaken in other directions. Make wireless signal propagation more concentrated like beams, which can increase coverage and reduce interference. CA (Carrier Aggregation), carrier aggregation, is to aggregate two or more carriers (channels) to provide users with a higher data rate. CA is like merging two or more roads together to make the road wider. Control Plane, the control plane, is mainly responsible for processing non-data packet forwarding, including control signaling such as mobility management, connection establishment, and quality of service (QoS). C-RAN (Centralized/Cloud-Radio Access Network), centralized/cloud-based radio access network), C stands for Centralized, Cloud, Clean and Cooperative, and refers to the centralized and cloud-based/virtualized deployment of CU and DU , Which can improve the coordinated scheduling between cells, achie...

According to foreign media reports, Nokia has launched a Femtocell indoor small mobile base station that supports 5G. Nokia said that the femtocell Femtocell mobile base station now supports 4G LTE, supports 5G non-independent networking (NSA) and will support 5G base station independent networking through software upgrades. This small base station is called “smart node” , mainly for small and medium enterprises and residential customers. Nokia is promoting the solution to corporate and carrier customers. For corporate customers, Nokia advertises that the small base station can provide mobile networks with “anti-hacking” security without the need for company IT personnel to understand and install complex security solutions. “Smart Node” security solutions include digital certificates, IPSec encrypted with IKEv2, and firewalls and tampering alerts. Nokia said that for operators, the 5G femtocell indoor base station can help them expand the local market and reduce operating costs. Outdoor small base stations near enterprises require power, backhaul, and venues, while indoor solutions allow enterprises to bear these costs. Of course, the downside is that indoor solutions usually only support one enterprise customer, while outdoor small base stations can support multiple enterprise customers.

5G C-band 3D-MIMO AAUs and mmWave AAUs: Industry’s highest configuration to offer a ubiquitous xGbps experience C-band is the key spectrum for realizing continuous networking and ubiquitous xGbps experience in the 5G era. Huawei’s newly released 64T64R and 32T32R Massive MIMO AAU product portfolio boasts the highest configuration in the industry. These AAUs feature 3D-beamforming so that beams can be flexibly adjusted in both the vertical and horizontal planes. In this way, these AAUs are well-suited for serving distinct scenarios, offering superior vertical coverage for high-rise buildings and even horizontal coverage for wide coverage scenarios. The network capacity and user experience are both optimized. The 32T32R AAUs are the lightest in the industry and ideal for large-scale 5G deployment. A single engineer will easily be able to complete an installation without using any mechanical equipment. The 64T64R AAUs feature broader bandwidth and lower power. Thanks to increased coverage and capacity, 64T64R AAUs can fulfill the long-term network requirements in hotspots and wide coverage areas. Huawei leads the industry in establishing the world’s first large-scale 5G continuous network in Seoul, South Korea using C-band 3D-MIMO AAUs. This network delivers ubiquitous Gbps experience for outdoor users and several-hundred-Mbps data rates for indoor users. 5G EasyBlink: Deployment on poles to eliminate coverage holes and boost hotspot capacity In addition to the 5G tower site product solutions with the highest specifications in the industry, Huawei also debuted 5G EasyBlink at MWC. This solution can be flexibly deployed on multiple types of surfaces (including street lamp poles and walls). The volume and weight of 5G C-band EasyBlink is ideally suited for deployment on a variety of poles to fill coverage holes and boost hotspot capacity. The 5G mmWave EasyBlink’s weight means that it is suitable for deployment on street lamp poles, entire areas can benefit from mmWave’s ultra-large network capacity thanks to abundant direct and reflective paths. 5G LampSite: Integration in four aspects to help achieve full indoor digitalization right after deployment It is widely known and accepted that the majority of data traffic is generated indoors. However, solutions such as the traditional indoor distributed antenna system (DAS) is unfit for providing 5G indoor coverage due to its intrinsic limitations. It is incapable of supporting new spectrums such as the 3.5 GHz band or the inevitable rise of multi-antenna technologies. It is clear that indoor digitalization is emerging as an essential trend in 5G networking. Huawei released the industry’s first digital 5G LampSite to serve diverse indoor scenarios. It is not only backwards-compatible with 4G and supports 4T4R multi-antenna mode, but also boasts integration in four aspects. These include the integration of all sub-6 GHz bands, CAT6A and fiber, 4G and 5G, enhanced broadband services and future IoT services. ...

2G and 3G networks are shutting down rapidly around the world. Some carriers have already sunsetted their 2G and 3G networks, while most other operators have at least made plans to shut them down. The main reason for network shutdowns is that the carriers have limited spectrum available for expansion. In order to provide a faster, more responsive network to their customers, they must repurpose the spectrum to support newer, more efficient cellular technology. Besides, expected cost efficiency, increasing demand for 4G & 5G, as well as government regulations will only encourage the operators to speed up the phase-out and shutdown. When Will 2G Shut Down? In Europe, around eight operators are planning to switch off their 2G network by 2025. Many operators seem to suggest that 2G in Europe will be around until 2030 and this is mainly due to implications of the M2M and IoT applications. In particular, the EU mandated eCall, where long term agreements are in place, will need to be supported by the 2G technology before the work towards migration to IMS voice is fully completed. For Asia, 2G in countries like Japan was phased out a long time ago. The trend will continue with other countries and operators. There are around 29 operators who are looking to shut down 2G by 2025 and 16 shutting down 3G by 2025. Notably, Tawain closed both 2G and 3G almost 3 years ago. The Americas especially the US is shutting down 2G networks on an accelerated scale. Around 15 operators in 7 countries have announced the closure of 2G by the end of 2025. For Oceania, 2G is almost phased out. In Australia all 3 operators have shut down their 2G by the end of 2018 and 3G is on the way with Telstra the only one announcing a timeline for the end of 2024. Africa is the only region where no 2G or 3G shutdowns have been announced so far but it will be part of future planning once newer technologies penetrate more. When Will 3G Go Away? 3G is likely to shutdown before 2G. 3G has long been a mainstay because of its voice capabilities—a feature 4G struggled with early on. But with 4G now able to handle the majority of voice traffic, and 2G being the more attractive option to support most IoT applications, 3G no longer has much reason to stick around. So critical IoT applications that run on 3G such as CCTV will need to switch connectivity—and fast. 2G/3G Sunset Schedule Below you can see when and which providers will say goodbye to 2G/3G. When Will 4G LTE Be Phased Out? (Not for a Long Time!) Like anything else, 4G will become obsolete one day. However, that day is far enough in the future that IoT deployments today and in the foreseeable future will be deployed on 4G networks. To transition to 4G LTE, carriers needed to shut down the 3G spectrum in order to “make room” for the new networks. 5G is fundamentally different in two ways: First, it uses new spectrum, such as mid-band or high-band spectrum. And second, it can work in conjunction with 4G in existing spectrum. That is to ...

China is known as the Three Mountains and Five Mountains, and Hengshan Mountain is one of them. The characteristics of Hengshan Mountain in the south, such as the height of Zhurong Peak, the beauty of Sutra Hall, the wonder of Water Curtain Cave, and the depth of Fangguang Temple, can be called the four wonders of Hengshan Mountain in the south. The flowers in spring are colorful, the clouds in summer are smooth, the sunshine in autumn is beautiful, and the snow in winter is cold and beautiful. The landscape of the Xiangjiang River has nurtured the unique scenery of Hengshan Mountain. The journey to Hengshan Mountain in the south is the most beautiful. The best time is on the way. Walk slowly, step by step, and have a happy day trip. [May all the people we care about be safe and healthy, have a successful career and achieve everything we want.]

Fiber optic cable, twisted pair cable, and coaxial cable are the three main types of network cables used in communication systems. Each of them is different and suitable for various applications. Coaxial Cable Coaxial cable, or coax cable, is a type of copper cable which has an inner conductor surrounded by foam insulation, symmetrically wrapped by a woven braided metal shield, then covered by in a plastic jacket (as shown in the following image). This unique design allows coaxial cable runs to installed next to metal objects such as gutters without the power losses that occur in other types of transmission lines. Fiber Optic Cable Fiber optic cable consists of a core, cladding, buffer, and jacket. The core is made from thin strands of glass or plastic that can carry data over a long distance. The core is wrapped in the cladding; the cladding is wrapped in the buffer, and the buffer is wrapped in the jacket. Fiber optic cables send digital data at the speed of light. A fiber optic cable can contain a varying number of these glass fibers -- from a few up to a couple hundred, so optical fiber is the core part of optical fiber cable. Twisted-pair cables The twisted-pair cable was primarily developed for computer networks. This cable is also known as Ethernet cable. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this cable. The TIA/EIA 568 divides the twisted-pair cable into several categories. The following table lists the most common and popular categories of twisted-pair cable. The easiest way to select a cable is to pick one with the range and performance you need.